🔹 1-BO‘LIM: Python asoslari – savollar va javoblar

1. @staticmethod, @classmethod, @property farqlari?

• @staticmethod – klassga bog‘liq emas, faqat ichki utility vazifasini bajaradi.
• @classmethod – cls orqali klassga kirish huquqini beradi (masalan, alternative constructors).
• @property – attribute singari chaqiriladigan method yaratadi (get, set, del bilan birga ishlatiladi).

class User:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name

    @staticmethod
    def greet():
        return "Hello!"

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, data):
        return cls(data["name"])

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

2. Python’da GIL nima?

• GIL (Global Interpreter Lock) – CPython’da bir vaqtning o‘zida faqat bitta thread bajarilishini kafolatlaydi.
• Bu CPU-bound operatsiyalar uchun to‘siq, lekin IO-bound (masalan, tarmoq yoki fayl) vazifalarda async/multithreading yaxshi ishlaydi.

3. Python’da __slots__ nima?

• __slots__ klass attributlarini oldindan belgilash orqali memory usage’ni kamaytiradi.
• Default bo‘lgan __dict__ o‘chiriladi → kam RAM, tezroq access.

class User:
    __slots__ = ["id", "name"]

4. Generatorlar va yield?

• Generator funksiya yield orqali qiymat qaytaradi, lekin execution pause bo‘ladi.
• Bu memoryda butun ro‘yxatni saqlamasdan, lazy evaluation qiladi.

def count_up_to(n):
    i = 0
    while i < n:
        yield i
        i += 1

5. Python’dagi memory management qanday ishlaydi?

• Reference counting + cyclic garbage collector.
• gc moduli orqali chuqur nazorat mumkin.
• del, weakref, yoki kontekst managerlar orqali resurslarni boshqarish.

6. Mutable vs Immutable turlar?

• Immutable: int, str, tuple
• Mutable: list, dict, set
• Tuple ichida mutable element bo‘lsa, tuple “shunchaki” immutable bo‘ladi, ichidagilar emas.

7. Typing: Union, Optional, TypedDict misollar?

from typing import Union, Optional, TypedDict

def process(value: Union[int, str]):
    ...

def get_name(user: Optional[dict]):
    ...

class UserDict(TypedDict):
    id: int
    name: str

8. Python’da context manager (with) qanday ishlaydi?

• __enter__ va __exit__ methodlari orqali avtomatik ochish/yopish ishlari.
• Fayl, socket, lock management uchun juda foydali.

with open("file.txt") as f:
    data = f.read()

9. Python’da dataclass nima va qachon kerak?

• @dataclass klasslarni tezroq yozish uchun → __init__, __repr__, __eq__ avtomatik.
• Faqat data saqlovchi obyektlar uchun ideal.

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class User:
    id: int
    name: str

10. *args, **kwargs farqlari va ishlatish holatlari?

• *args: tuple sifatida ko‘p positional argumentlarni oladi
• **kwargs: dict ko‘rinishida ko‘p nomli argumentlarni oladi

def example(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)