🧷 8-BO‘LIM: Real Interview’dan olingan savollar va javoblar

🔹 Git: merge vs rebase

Savol: git merge va git rebase orasidagi farq nima?

✅ Javob:

• merge – ikkita branch’ni birlashtiradi, tarixda merge commit qoladi.
• rebase – branch tarixini boshqa branch ustiga “ko‘chiradi”, tarixni tozalaydi.

📌 Ishlatish:

• merge → umumiy branchlarda (main)
• rebase → shaxsiy branchlarda (feature) → git rebase main

🔹 Docker: Image, Container, Volume

Savol: Docker image, container, volume nima?

✅ Javob:

• Image – Dockerfile asosida yaratilgan immutable snapshot
• Container – image asosida ishga tushgan izolyatsiyalangan process
• Volume – container data’sini saqlovchi persistent storage

docker build -t myapp .
docker run -v /data:/app/data myapp

🔹 Web: REST API va Django arxitekturasi

Savol: REST nima va Django arxitekturasi qanday?

✅ Javob:

• REST – Stateless API design pattern: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE

• Django arxitekturasi:

  • MTV pattern (Model, Template, View)
  • DRF: APIView → Serializer → Model
  • Layered: views, services, repos, serializers

🔹 Database: Index va INNER JOIN

Savol: Index nima? INNER JOIN qanday ishlaydi?

✅ Javob:

• Index – ustun ustida tez izlash uchun B-Tree struktura (btree, gin)
• INNER JOIN – ikki jadvaldagi mos qiymatlar asosida bog‘lanadi.

SELECT * FROM orders
JOIN customers ON orders.customer_id = customers.id

🔹 CI/CD

Savol: CI/CD tushunchasi qanday?

✅ Javob:

• CI (Continuous Integration) – kodni test bilan tez-tez birlashtirish
• CD (Continuous Delivery/Deployment) – avtomatik build, test, deploy
• Tool misollar: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins

🔹 Python Types & Ops: dict, is vs ==, copy vs deepcopy, mutable

1. dict ichki ishlashi + hash

• dict – hash table asosida
• hash(key) → bucket → collision bo‘lsa probing
• Hash deterministic, constant-time bo‘lishi kerak

2. is vs ==

• is – identity (id() bir xilmi?)
• == – value comparison

a = [1, 2]; b = a
a is b  # True
a == b  # True

3. copy() vs deepcopy()

from copy import copy, deepcopy

x = [[1], [2]]
shallow = copy(x)
deep = deepcopy(x)

• copy – faqat 1-nuqta nusxalaydi
• deepcopy – rekursiv nusxa

4. Mutable vs Immutable

🔹 Algorithms: Complexity

Savol: Complexity nima? O(n log n) nima anglatadi?

✅ Javob:

• Time complexity – algoritm ishlash muddati o‘sishiga nisbatan
• O(n) – linear
• O(n log n) – MergeSort, QuickSort average
• O(1) – constant (dict access)

🔹 Functions in Python

Savol: Python’da funksiya nima va qanday obyekt?

✅ Javob:

• Function – birinchi darajali obyekt
• Funksiya ni parametr sifatida berish, qaytarish, __call__, __closure__

def outer():
    x = 5
    def inner():
        return x
    return inner

🔹 Memory: Reference Counting

✅ Har bir object’ning ref count bor. gc moduli bilan kuzatish mumkin.

import sys
x = []
print(sys.getrefcount(x))  # 2

🔹 Multitasking: GIL, thread vs process

✅ GIL (Global Interpreter Lock) – CPython’ning global locki → faqat bitta thread ishlaydi

multiprocessing, asyncio, concurrent.futures → parallelizmga erishish yo‘llari

🔹 OOP: Encapsulation, Data hiding

• Encapsulation – ma’lumotni method orqali boshqarish
• Data hiding – __attr orqali private qilish (name mangling)

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.__secret = 123

🔖 Bonus: Advanced Concepts (Real Interview Recommendations)

🔹 Decorator without @:

def dec(f):
    def wrapper(*a, **kw):
        return f(*a, **kw)
    return wrapper

def hello():
    return "hi"

hello = dec(hello)

🔹 Inheritance, MRO, Diamond, C3 Algorithm

class A: pass
class B(A): pass
class C(A): pass
class D(B, C): pass
print(D.__mro__)

• Python 3: New-style classes (object-inherited)
• C3 algorithm → deterministik MRO yaratadi

🔹 LEGB Rule (scope)

def outer():
    x = "enclosing"
    def inner():
        print(x)
    inner()